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cyber-physical systems (CPS)

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes. Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa. These systems are designed to operate on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibit multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interact with each other in contextually relevant ways[1][4].


CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging the theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, design, and process science. They are characterized by their ability to adapt, scale, and exhibit resilience, safety, security, and usability beyond the capabilities of simpler embedded systems[1][5].


Applications of Cyber-Physical Systems

CPS have a wide range of applications across various industries:


  1. Healthcare: CPS can transform healthcare delivery through smart medical devices, robotic surgery, and bionic limbs[1].
  2. Environment and Sustainability: They are used in firefighting, improving agricultural practices, and mitigating underwater oil spills[1].
  3. Transportation: CPS are involved in driverless cars, smart roads, and drones for infrastructure inspection and disaster zone Wi-Fi delivery[1].
  4. Home and Office: Smart grids and sensors for heating and cooling systems are examples of CPS in residential and commercial buildings[1].
  5. Manufacturing: CPS are used in industrial control systems (ICS), robotics, and smart manufacturing processes[2][5].
  6. Agriculture: IoT devices, agricultural drones, and smart irrigation systems are CPS applications in agriculture[2].


Challenges and Future of Cyber-Physical Systems

The development and implementation of CPS face several challenges, including the need for new systems science to manage the complexity and integration of smart systems. Future CPS could enable concepts like unmanned lunar tours, bionic suits, and automated large-scale indoor agriculture systems[5].


CPS are expected to become more adaptable, autonomous, efficient, and reliable, expanding their potential in various directions such as precision manufacturing and operation in hazardous environments[4].


In summary, CPS represent a complex combination of physical and computational elements that are foundational to our critical infrastructure and have the potential to significantly improve the quality of life across multiple domains[3][4].


Citations:

[1] https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/cyber-physical/

[2] https://www.startus-insights.com/innovators-guide/cyber-physical-systems/

[3] https://bigdataanalyticsnews.com/cyber-physical-systems/

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%E2%80%93physical_system

[5] https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/el/12-Cyber-Physical-Systems020113_final.pdf

[6] https://ijiset.com/vol2/v2s6/IJISET_V2_I6_103.pdf

[7] https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/cyber_physical_systems

[8] https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/learn/cyber-physical-systems.html

[9] https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/what-are-cyber-physical-systems

[10] https://matics.live/glossary/cyber-physical-system/

[11] https://blog.engineering.vanderbilt.edu/what-is-the-difference-between-cps-and-iot

[12] https://www.techdemand.io/insights/tech/understanding-cyber-physical-systems-and-their-features/

[13] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-cyber-physical-system/

[14] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/cyber-physical-systems

[15] https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/cps/Cyber-Physical_Systems.html

[16] https://research.ncl.ac.uk/cplab/aboutthelab/whatarecyber-physicalsystems/

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